NOX4

NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4): NOX4 is a member of the NADPH oxidase family of enzymes, which play essential roles in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. Unlike other NADPH oxidases, NOX4 exhibits constitutive activity, meaning it generates ROS continuously under basal conditions. This enzyme is primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, where it catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen, leading to the production of superoxide radicals (O2•−). ROS generated by NOX4 serve as signaling molecules involved in various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Additionally, NOX4-derived ROS play critical roles in redox signaling pathways that regulate vascular tone, fibrosis, and inflammation. Dysregulation of NOX4 activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndrome.