Bacterias

Bacteroides spp. are a key group of bacteria in the human gut microbiome, essential for breaking down complex carbohydrates and producing short-chain fatty acids. These functions support colon health, help regulate the immune system, and protect against harmful pathogens.

Bifidobacterium is a key genus of beneficial bacteria that primarily inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in supporting digestion, enhancing immune function, producing essential vitamins, and combating harmful microbes. Maintaining a balanced level of Bifidobacterium is essential for a healthy gut microbiome.

Clostridium is a genus of bacteria that includes species naturally present in the human gut as well as others that can cause illness. These bacteria are notable for their ability to form spores, allowing them to survive in harsh environments. While some Clostridium species contribute to gut health, others, such as Clostridium difficile, can cause serious infections, particularly after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut flora.

Enterobacter is a genus of bacteria commonly found in the human gut. Usually harmless, these bacteria are part of the natural gut flora and contribute to digestive health. However, an overgrowth of Enterobacter can signal or lead to health problems. Monitoring Enterobacter levels in stool can offer important insights into gut health and aid in diagnosing various conditions.

Enterococcus is a type of bacteria that naturally resides in the human intestines as part of the normal gut flora. It supports aspects of gut health, but an overgrowth in stool can signal microbial imbalance or possible infection, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless and support digestion and vitamin production, certain types can cause foodborne illness and gastrointestinal infections.

Escherichia coli Biovare is a distinct subspecies of E. coli that is not typically abundant in a healthy human intestine. It includes various forms, such as hemolytic, mucoid, and lactose-negative types. Elevated levels—especially in the presence of alkaline pH and low beneficial E. coli—may suggest weakened mucosal immunity, often linked to reduced secretory IgA production.

Hafnia is a genus of bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract and considered part of the normal gut flora. While typically harmless, its presence in stool may reflect changes in gut microbiota or signal potential digestive imbalances.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that colonizes the stomach lining and is known for its role in gastrointestinal disorders. It is commonly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Its ability to thrive in the stomach’s acidic environment makes it a key factor in long-term digestive health.

IgG antibodies are produced later in the immune response and usually reflect past exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. They tend to appear 2–3 weeks after infection onset and can remain detectable for months or years. A positive IgG result does not necessarily indicate an active infection but shows that the immune system has previously encountered the pathogen. In combination with IgM, IgG testing helps differentiate between acute, recent, and past infections.

IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an acute infection. When IgM against Mycoplasma pneumoniae is present, it typically indicates a recent or ongoing infection. These antibodies appear within 1–2 weeks of exposure and usually decline after a few months. Testing for IgM is useful in identifying the early phase of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, especially in symptomatic individuals.

Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria present in environments such as soil, water, and the human gut. Certain species, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, can cause serious infections in the lungs, bloodstream, urinary tract, and wounds. These bacteria are notable for their resistance to many antibiotics, making them a significant challenge in healthcare settings.

Lactobacillus is a beneficial bacterium commonly found in the gut and in certain fermented foods. It plays a vital role in supporting digestive health, enhancing nutrient absorption, and maintaining a balanced immune system.

Proteus is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria commonly linked to urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially in individuals with prolonged catheter use or weakened immune systems. They can also cause wound infections and, less frequently, respiratory infections. Proteus species are notable for their resistance to multiple antibiotics, which can make treatment more difficult.

Pseudomonas in stool refers to the presence of bacteria from the Pseudomonas genus, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the gastrointestinal tract. While not typically a common gut inhabitant, it can cause infection or overgrowth, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Its detection may indicate an imbalance in gut microbiota or an underlying condition, especially if gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

Serratia is a type of bacteria commonly found in the environment and sometimes in the human intestinal tract. While usually harmless in healthy individuals, its presence in stool may be concerning for those with certain health conditions. Detection in stool tests can signal possible gut flora imbalances or infections.

Streptococcus Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes) is a type of bacteria responsible for a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin conditions and strep throat to serious illnesses like scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and necrotizing fasciitis. Detecting Group A Streptococcus is essential for timely and accurate diagnosis, allowing for prompt treatment to avoid complications.