DTWD2 (DTW Domain Containing 2) is a gene thought to be involved in the process of protein ubiquitination, which is essential for protein degradation and regulation within the cell. Although less well characterized, DTWD2 likely plays a role in maintaining cellular protein quality control and may influence key processes such as cell cycle regulation and stress response.

Bifidobacterium is a key genus of beneficial bacteria that primarily inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in supporting digestion, enhancing immune function, producing essential vitamins, and combating harmful microbes. Maintaining a balanced level of Bifidobacterium is essential for a healthy gut microbiome.

Total protein is a measure that reflects the combined levels of two major blood proteins — albumin and globulin. Albumin, the most abundant protein in blood plasma, helps maintain oncotic pressure and transports various substances, while globulins play key roles in immune response, blood clotting, and other functions. Total protein levels provide important insights into nutritional status as well as liver and kidney health.

HP1BP3 (Heterochromatin Protein 1 Binding Protein 3) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin structure and gene regulation. It interacts with components of heterochromatin, playing a role in genomic stability, DNA repair, and gene silencing. HP1BP3 may influence cellular differentiation and has potential implications in diseases such as cancer, where these processes are often disrupted.

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a naturally occurring compound found in all cells, formed from methionine and ATP. It plays a vital role in methylation processes, neurotransmitter production affecting mood, joint health, and liver function. SAMe is commonly used as a supplement to support conditions such as depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disorders.

GADL1 (Glutamate Decarboxylase Like 1) is a protein related to glutamate decarboxylases, enzymes involved in producing the neurotransmitter GABA. While its exact function is not fully understood, GADL1 is thought to participate in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. It is studied for its potential role in neurological function and related disorders.

ABCA6 (ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 6) is a protein that belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. It plays a key role in transporting lipids across cellular membranes, contributing to lipid metabolism and maintaining cellular lipid balance.

Quinolinic acid is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It plays a key role as an excitotoxin in the central nervous system. Elevated levels of quinolinic acid have been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy, and certain psychiatric disorders including depression.

AP2A2 (Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 2 Alpha 2 Subunit) is a key component of the AP-2 adaptor complex, which plays an essential role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This process is critical for the internalization of receptors and proteins into cells, influencing cell signaling and nutrient absorption. Dysregulation of AP2A2 can impact neuronal development and synaptic function, with possible links to neurological disorders.

Arginine is an important amino acid that supports blood flow, wound healing, and immune system function. It plays a key role in producing nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes and widens blood vessels to improve circulation. Arginine is naturally found in foods like red meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, and legumes. It is also commonly used in supplements by bodybuilders and athletes to promote muscle growth.

DCAF4 (DDB1 And CUL4 Associated Factor 4) is a key component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex, which is responsible for tagging proteins for degradation through ubiquitination. This process is essential for regulating protein levels, maintaining cellular balance, and managing stress responses. DCAF4 helps determine which proteins are targeted, playing important roles in cell cycle control, DNA repair, and signal transduction. Disruptions in DCAF4 function can lead to cellular imbalances and have been associated with cancer and other diseases, underscoring its importance in proteostasis and cellular health.

EDAR (Ectodysplasin A Receptor) is a receptor that plays a key role in the development of skin appendages such as hair, teeth, and sweat glands. Proper function of EDAR is essential for the formation of these structures, and mutations in this gene can cause ectodermal dysplasias, a group of disorders characterized by abnormal development of these features.

C10ORF67 (Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 67), also known as SASP, is a gene involved in regulating cell proliferation and migration. While its exact molecular function remains unclear, it is linked to signaling pathways that influence cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This connection highlights its potential importance in aging, cancer development, and tissue regeneration.

ABCB4 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 4) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein responsible for moving phospholipids from liver cells into bile. This function is essential for maintaining healthy bile composition and protecting the liver from toxic buildup. Mutations in ABCB4 can disrupt this process and are linked to liver disorders such as cholelithiasis.

SHISA4 (Shisa Family Member 4) is a protein involved in regulating synaptic function and neuronal excitability. It modulates the activity of important receptors in the central nervous system, including AMPA and NMDA receptors, playing a key role in neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity. Because of its role in synaptic modulation, SHISA4 is of interest in research on neurological disorders and synaptic dysfunction.

FFAR4 (Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4) is a receptor that binds omega-3 fatty acids and plays a key role in regulating metabolism and inflammation. It contributes to improving insulin sensitivity, reducing inflammatory responses, and controlling appetite. FFAR4 is being studied as a promising target for treating metabolic conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

BCL11B (B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 11B) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the development and differentiation of T-cells, as well as in neuronal development. Proper regulation of BCL11B is essential for immune function and brain development. Mutations or dysregulation of BCL11B have been associated with certain blood cancers, such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and with neurodevelopmental disorders.

ETV3 (ETS Variant Transcription Factor 3) is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, which regulate gene expression essential for cell growth, development, and differentiation. ETV3 primarily functions as a transcriptional repressor and plays important roles in controlling immune responses and other biological processes.

Adipate, also known as adipic acid, is a compound involved in lipid metabolism and serves as a biomarker for metabolic dysfunctions, especially those related to fatty acid oxidation. Its presence, often detected in urine or blood tests, can aid in diagnosing and monitoring metabolic conditions.

CHRNB2 (Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 2 Subunit) is a gene that encodes a subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These receptors are essential for neuronal signaling and communication in the nervous system. Variations in CHRNB2 have been linked to epilepsy, especially nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, highlighting its role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.

BTN3A2 (Butyrophilin Subfamily 3 Member A2) is a protein that belongs to the butyrophilin family, which plays an important role in regulating immune responses. BTN3A2 is involved in the activation and differentiation of T cells, key players in the body’s immune defense. It contributes to immune surveillance and has been linked to autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Phospholamban (PLN) is a regulatory protein found primarily in cardiac muscle cells. It plays a key role in controlling heart muscle contraction and relaxation by modulating the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA). At rest, PLN inhibits SERCA to regulate calcium levels, helping maintain calcium balance in heart cells. When stimulated, PLN is phosphorylated, which lifts this inhibition and boosts calcium uptake, supporting efficient cardiac muscle relaxation and overall heart function.

ALG13 is a gene that encodes a key subunit of the UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase complex, which is involved in the early stages of glycosylation. Glycosylation is an essential cellular process where carbohydrates are attached to proteins or lipids, influencing their folding, stability, and function. ALG13 plays a vital role in synthesizing the glycan precursor needed for proper protein glycosylation within the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in ALG13 are associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation, leading to various clinical issues such as developmental delays, epilepsy, and metabolic problems.

ARHGAP32 is a protein that regulates the activity of Rho GTPases, important molecules involved in controlling cell shape, movement, and attachment. By influencing the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, ARHGAP32 plays a key role in processes such as cell migration and proliferation. Its function is especially relevant in neurological development and disorders, as well as in cancer, where cell migration and invasion are critical.

The FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated) gene is a key genetic factor linked to obesity and body mass index (BMI). It plays an important role in regulating metabolic processes such as energy balance and fat storage. Variations in the FTO gene can influence appetite control and how the body expends energy, making it central to understanding obesity risk and potential treatments.

SPATA2L (Spermatogenesis-associated protein 2-like) is a protein related to SPATA2, which is known to regulate cell death and inflammation pathways. Although the exact role of SPATA2L is still being studied, it is believed to participate in important cellular processes like apoptosis, autophagy, and immune response regulation. SPATA2L may influence key signaling pathways that control cell survival and death, helping maintain tissue balance and protect against stressors such as DNA damage or infection.

EGR2 (Early Growth Response 2) is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in regulating the development of the nervous and immune systems. It is particularly important for the process of myelination in the peripheral nervous system and helps control cell growth and differentiation. Mutations in EGR2 are linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and related neuropathies, underscoring its key role in neural development and function.

IGF2 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2) is a protein that plays a key role in growth and development, especially during fetal stages. It is part of the insulin-like growth factor system, which influences cell growth, proliferation, and survival. IGF2 also supports muscle growth and differentiation, and its activity has been linked to certain cancers due to its role in promoting cell proliferation.

Oyster mushroom intolerance is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting oyster mushrooms, a popular edible mushroom used in cooking. Unlike an oyster mushroom allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort. Individuals with this intolerance often experience symptoms such as stomach upset after eating oyster mushrooms or foods containing them.

BCAT1 (Branched Chain Amino Acid Transaminase 1) is an important enzyme that helps regulate the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) — leucine, isoleucine, and valine. It primarily works in the cytosol of brain tissues and certain tumors, where it catalyzes the reversible conversion of BCAAs into their α-keto acids, starting their breakdown process. BCAT1 plays a key role in maintaining nitrogen balance and supporting neurotransmitter production, which influences brain function and development. Additionally, BCAT1 is involved in cancer cell growth and metabolism, making it a potential biomarker for some cancers.

SFTPA1 (Surfactant Protein A1) is a gene that encodes a protein essential for lung function. This protein plays a key role in the innate immune defense of the respiratory tract and helps reduce surface tension in the lungs, supporting breathing efficiency.

SLC6A2 (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 2) is a protein that functions as the norepinephrine transporter, responsible for the reuptake of norepinephrine into presynaptic nerve terminals. This transporter plays a key role in regulating mood, alertness, and stress response. It is also a target for certain antidepressant medications. Dysfunctions in SLC6A2 are associated with psychiatric and neurological conditions such as depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

SLC2A9 (Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 9) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein responsible for moving urate in the kidneys. This protein plays a key role in regulating uric acid levels in the blood and is linked to the risk of developing gout.

ARL4C (ADP Ribosylation Factor Like GTPase 4C) is a member of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. It is involved in cellular signaling and membrane trafficking, playing important roles in cytoskeletal organization and cell movement. ARL4C expression has also been associated with the development and progression of certain cancers.

SSBP3 (Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein 3) is a protein that binds specifically to single-stranded DNA. It plays an important role in DNA repair and replication, helping to maintain genomic stability. By supporting the cell’s response to DNA damage, SSBP3 is crucial for proper cellular function and has potential implications in cancer biology.

BBX (Bobby Sox Homolog) is a transcriptional regulator that helps control cell proliferation and differentiation. It plays an important role in embryonic development and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms. Proper BBX function is essential for normal development and maintaining regular biological cycles.

Artichoke intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting artichokes. Unlike an artichoke allergy, which involves the immune system and can trigger more severe reactions, intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort. People with this intolerance often experience symptoms like bloating or stomach upset after eating artichokes.

The UNCX (Unc-4 Homeobox) gene encodes a transcription factor containing a homeobox domain. It plays an essential role in neuronal development by helping specify neuronal identity and guiding axon connections in the developing nervous system.

DBX1 (Developing Brain Homeobox 1) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the development of the spinal cord and nervous system. It is essential for guiding the differentiation of neural progenitor cells and ensuring proper formation of neural structures during early development.

ANAPC4 (Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit 4) is a protein that forms part of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a crucial regulator of the cell cycle. It helps tag specific proteins for degradation, thereby controlling the timely progression of cells through different stages of division. Proper function of ANAPC4 is essential for normal cell cycle regulation, and its dysregulation may contribute to abnormalities linked to cancer development and progression.

BTBD7 (BTB Domain Containing 7) is a protein involved in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a vital process in embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer spread. It helps control cell shape and movement by influencing the cell’s internal structure. Dysregulation of BTBD7 is associated with fibrosis and tumor progression, highlighting its role in tissue remodeling and its potential as a therapeutic target in fibrotic diseases and metastatic cancer.

Clostridium is a genus of bacteria that includes species naturally present in the human gut as well as others that can cause illness. These bacteria are notable for their ability to form spores, allowing them to survive in harsh environments. While some Clostridium species contribute to gut health, others, such as Clostridium difficile, can cause serious infections, particularly after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut flora.

Hops intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting hops, the flowers of the hop plant commonly used in brewing beer. Unlike a hops allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, hops intolerance primarily leads to digestive discomfort. Individuals with this intolerance often experience gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming products that contain hops.

PIGN (Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class N) is a gene involved in the production of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, which attach specific proteins to the cell membrane. These GPI-anchored proteins are essential for processes such as cell adhesion, signal transmission, and immune system function. Mutations in PIGN can disrupt GPI anchor formation, leading to disorders marked by developmental delays, neurological problems, and congenital abnormalities.

The stool pH value is a measure that indicates the acidity or alkalinity in the intestines. It reflects the balance of metabolic processes such as fermentation and protein breakdown. A low stool pH often suggests increased fermentation of complex sugars by intestinal bacteria, which can acidify the stool. Conversely, a high stool pH may result from excessive protein metabolism, leading to the production of ammonia and other compounds that raise the stool’s pH level.

Chickpea intolerance is a condition where the body has difficulty digesting chickpeas, the small, round legumes commonly used in dishes like hummus and curries. Unlike a chickpea allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort such as bloating, gas, or stomach pain after eating chickpeas or foods that contain them.

ADAM15 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 15) is a member of the ADAM protein family, which are involved in cell adhesion, migration, and the proteolysis of extracellular matrix proteins. ADAM15 plays important roles in cell signaling and tissue remodeling processes.

ARL4A (ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 4A) is a protein belonging to the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTPases. It plays an important role in regulating intracellular vesicle trafficking and membrane dynamics. ARL4A is involved in processes such as membrane remodeling, vesicle formation, and membrane fusion within cells.

Edam cheese intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty digesting Edam cheese, a semi-hard cheese known for its mild and nutty flavor. Unlike an Edam cheese allergy, which involves the immune system and can trigger severe reactions, intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort. People with Edam cheese intolerance often experience symptoms such as stomach pain, bloating, or nausea after eating Edam cheese or products containing it.

CSF3R (Colony Stimulating Factor 3 Receptor) is a receptor that binds to colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3), a cytokine responsible for regulating the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. This interaction is essential for the survival and activation of neutrophils, key cells in the body’s innate immune defense. Alterations in CSF3R, such as mutations or overexpression, can disrupt granulocyte function and proliferation, contributing to conditions like chronic neutrophilic leukemia and severe congenital neutropenias.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that measures low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a key marker of inflammation in the body. Unlike standard CRP tests, hs-CRP can detect subtle inflammation, making it especially useful for evaluating the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Elevated hs-CRP levels may indicate a higher risk of heart disease, even when other risk factors are not present.

Vitamin B5, also called pantothenic acid, is a vital nutrient that helps the body convert food into energy by supporting the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Found in foods like meats, avocados, broccoli, and whole grains, it plays an important role in maintaining healthy skin, aiding wound healing, supporting the nervous system, and helping reduce stress.

ATP2B4 is a gene that encodes a calcium pump responsible for removing calcium ions from cells. This pump plays a vital role in maintaining intracellular calcium balance, which is essential for muscle contraction, cell signaling, and nerve function. Proper regulation of ATP2B4 is important for cardiovascular health, and its dysfunction has been linked to heart-related diseases.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth, supporting the immune system, and aiding muscle function. Unlike most vitamins, the body can produce vitamin D when the skin is exposed to sunlight, making it unique in how it’s obtained and utilized.

Kale intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty digesting kale, a nutrient-rich leafy green vegetable known for its health benefits. Unlike a kale allergy, which involves the immune system and can cause severe reactions, kale intolerance mainly leads to digestive discomfort. People with this intolerance often experience gastrointestinal symptoms after eating kale or foods containing it.

D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol used as a biomarker in the body to help detect Candida infections. Elevated levels of D-arabinitol often indicate an overgrowth of Candida, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Measuring D-arabinitol provides a faster and less invasive way to diagnose systemic candidiasis compared to traditional culture methods.

The PSA ratio, or free-to-total PSA ratio, is a measure that reflects the proportion of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to total PSA in the blood. It is calculated by dividing the free PSA (unbound to proteins) by the total PSA (free plus protein-bound), then multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. This ratio helps distinguish between benign prostate conditions and prostate cancer, especially in men with moderately elevated total PSA levels.

Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 that plays a key role in cellular metabolism. It supports the health of the skin, nervous system, and digestive system. Unlike nicotinic acid, another form of vitamin B3, nicotinamide does not cause skin flushing. It is commonly used to treat skin conditions such as acne and is being researched for its potential benefits in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer prevention. Naturally found in foods like meat, fish, and green vegetables, nicotinamide is also available as a supplement and is widely included in skincare products.

DCDC2B (Doublecortin Domain Containing 2B) is a protein that belongs to the doublecortin family, known for its role in brain development. Proteins in this family contain doublecortin domains that bind to microtubules, helping guide neuronal migration and proper formation of the cerebral cortex. Proper function of DCDC2B is essential for normal brain development, and changes in this protein may be associated with neurological disorders and developmental issues.

Death-Associated Protein (DAP) is a key regulator of cell death, playing an important role in apoptosis — the programmed cell death process. This mechanism is essential for maintaining healthy cells and preventing diseases like cancer. Understanding DAP’s function is crucial for studying the cell life cycle and developing treatments for conditions where cell death regulation is impaired.

Malate, or malic acid, is a key compound involved in cellular metabolism, especially within the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. It plays an essential role in energy production by being converted to oxaloacetate, a process that generates NADH, which is then used to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.

PSA, or Prostate-Specific Antigen, is a protein produced by the prostate gland. Measuring PSA levels in the blood helps screen for prostate health, as elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer. However, higher PSA can also result from non-cancerous conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatitis.

Allergies to mice and rats are a common concern, especially in laboratory environments or households where these animals are kept as pets. Allergens from mice and rats—found in their urine, dander, and saliva—can become airborne and trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Sodium (Na) is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in nerve signaling, muscle function, and regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. It helps maintain proper hydration and supports communication between nerves and muscles. Sodium is commonly found in salt, processed foods, and many snacks. However, excessive sodium intake can contribute to health problems such as high blood pressure.

DNAJB4 (DnaJ Heat Shock Protein Family (Hsp40) Member B4) is a co-chaperone protein that supports the proper folding, degradation, and assembly of other proteins in the cell. It plays a key role in managing cellular stress responses, especially during heat shock, helping to maintain cellular balance and protect cells from damage caused by stress.

MMUT (Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase) is a gene that encodes a mitochondrial enzyme essential for energy metabolism. It catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, a key step in the breakdown of certain amino acids and fatty acids. This reaction supports the citric acid cycle and overall cellular energy production. Mutations in MMUT can lead to methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), a rare metabolic disorder marked by toxic buildup of methylmalonic acid in the body.

DLG5 (Discs Large Homolog 5) is a protein that belongs to the Discs Large (DLG) family, involved in organizing cellular structures and facilitating signal transmission at cell junctions. It plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial cells and may be linked to conditions like inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease.

SLC26A8 (Solute Carrier Family 26 Member 8) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein primarily expressed in the testes. It plays a key role in anion transport and is essential for sperm motility and male fertility, contributing to proper sperm function and reproductive health.

UNC119B (UNC-119 Homolog B) is a gene involved in the transport of proteins to cilia—specialized cellular structures essential for signaling and sensory functions. It plays a key role in the development and maintenance of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Disruption of UNC119B function can impair ciliary activity and may contribute to retinal disorders and vision loss.

CTDSPL2 (CTD Small Phosphatase Like 2) is a protein involved in regulating gene expression by modulating the activity of RNA polymerase II through dephosphorylation. This process affects transcriptional and post-transcriptional control, influencing cell cycle progression and differentiation. Although its precise functions are still being studied, CTDSPL2 plays an important role in cellular growth regulation and may be linked to disease processes such as cancer.

IGF1R (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor) is a gene that encodes a receptor involved in mediating the effects of insulin-like growth factors. It plays a key role in regulating cell growth, survival, and metabolism. Dysregulation of IGF1R has been linked to various diseases, highlighting its importance in both developmental biology and clinical research.

GPSM1 (G Protein Signaling Modulator 1) is a gene involved in regulating G protein signaling pathways, which are essential for cellular responses to external signals. It plays a role in cell polarization and directional movement. GPSM1 has been studied for its potential involvement in cancer, particularly in tumor cell migration and invasion.

ADGRG6 (Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor G6) is a receptor involved in cell adhesion and signal transduction. It plays an important role in key developmental processes, including the myelination of peripheral nerves and the development of the heart. Variations in ADGRG6 have been linked to developmental abnormalities, especially affecting the nervous and cardiovascular systems.

AGMO (Alkylglycerol Monooxygenase) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, particularly in the breakdown of ether lipids. This enzyme contributes to the regulation of bioactive lipids, which influence cell signaling and inflammatory responses. Alterations in AGMO activity may be linked to lipid-related disorders and inflammatory conditions.

KCTD9 (Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain Containing 9) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in protein-protein interactions and the formation of protein complexes. It may contribute to the regulation of ion channels or other cellular processes through its role in complex assembly and signaling pathways.

CYP19A1, also known as aromatase, is an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of androgens (such as testosterone) into estrogens (such as estradiol). This enzyme plays a key role in estrogen biosynthesis, which is essential for sexual development, reproduction, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular health. CYP19A1 is expressed in multiple tissues, including the ovaries, testes, placenta, adipose tissue, and brain. In females, it is primarily responsible for producing estrogen in the ovaries by converting androgens from the adrenal glands.

ACAN (Aggrecan) is a gene that encodes aggrecan, a key proteoglycan found in the extracellular matrix of cartilage and other connective tissues. Aggrecan is essential for maintaining cartilage structure and ensuring proper joint function. Mutations in ACAN can disrupt bone and cartilage development, leading to skeletal disorders such as spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia.

Brazil nut intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting Brazil nuts, which are large edible seeds from the Brazil nut tree. Unlike a Brazil nut allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, intolerance mainly leads to digestive discomfort. People with Brazil nut intolerance typically experience gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming these nuts.

DIO3, or Type 3 Deiodinase, is an important enzyme that helps regulate thyroid hormone activity in the body. Found mainly in tissues such as the liver, brain, and placenta, DIO3 controls thyroid hormone levels by converting active hormones into inactive forms. This process helps adjust hormone signaling in specific tissues, ensuring proper metabolic regulation and maintaining balanced thyroid function.

Isocitrate is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, an essential metabolic pathway for cellular energy production. It is formed from citrate and then converted into α-ketoglutarate, a step that helps generate NADH used for ATP synthesis. Isocitrate also connects multiple metabolic processes, including the production of amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids.

GDPD5 (Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase Domain Containing 5) is a gene involved in lipid metabolism, particularly in breaking down glycerophosphodiesters into glycerol phosphate and alcohol. This activity supports membrane component turnover and regulates intracellular signaling. GDPD5 plays a role in lipid signaling pathways, with potential implications in metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) is a key beneficial bacterium in the human gut, known for its anti-inflammatory effects. It plays an important role in maintaining gut health by supporting a balanced microbiome and strengthening the intestinal barrier.

XKR9 (X-Kell Blood Group Precursor-Related Family Member 9) is a gene that belongs to the X-Kell blood group precursor-related family. While its precise functions remain unclear, ongoing research is investigating its potential roles in cell membrane dynamics and physiological processes.

Free Triiodothyronine (fT3) is a measure that reflects the level of the active thyroid hormone available in the body. As one of the two primary thyroid hormones, fT3 plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. Unlike total T3, fT3 represents the unbound hormone that is readily accessible for immediate use, making it an important indicator of thyroid function.

Nectarine intolerance refers to a sensitivity that affects the body’s ability to properly digest nectarines, juicy stone fruits closely related to peaches. This intolerance may lead to digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, or stomach pain, in some individuals after consumption.

DIPK2A (Divergent Protein Kinase Domain 2A) is a gene thought to be involved in kinase activity, playing a potential role in cellular signaling pathways. Although not well studied, it may influence how cells communicate and regulate various biological processes.

GAREM2 (GRB2 Associated Regulator of MAPK1 Subtype 2) is a gene involved in regulating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which is essential for controlling cell growth, differentiation, and survival. It helps mediate cellular responses to external signals such as growth factors and stress. GAREM2 is of particular interest in cancer research, as disruptions in this pathway are commonly linked to tumor development.

FOXK1 (Forkhead Box K1) is a transcription factor belonging to the forkhead box (FOX) family, characterized by a unique DNA-binding domain called the forkhead box. FOXK1 plays an essential role in controlling gene expression related to cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and longevity. It is especially important in muscle development and regeneration, as well as in regulating metabolic functions. Due to its involvement in these critical processes, FOXK1 is also studied for its role in various diseases, including cancer.

Rutabaga is a root vegetable known for its mildly sweet and nutty flavor. It is commonly used in a variety of dishes such as soups, stews, and roasted vegetable medleys. However, some people may have a rutabaga intolerance, which can cause digestive discomfort when consuming this vegetable.

Blackberry intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting blackberries, a dark-colored berry known for its sweet-tart flavor. Unlike a blackberry allergy, which triggers an immune system response, intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort. People with blackberry intolerance typically experience symptoms such as stomach upset after eating blackberries.

The stool fat test is a diagnostic measure that quantifies the amount of fat excreted in stool samples. It is used to assess fat absorption and to detect malabsorption syndromes. Elevated fat levels in stool, known as steatorrhea, can indicate digestive or absorption issues within the gastrointestinal tract. This test aids in diagnosing conditions such as pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and Crohn’s disease.

DOCK9 (Dedicator of Cytokinesis 9) is a gene that encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) protein. GEFs are important regulators that activate Rho family GTPases, which control key cellular processes such as cytoskeletal organization, cell shape, and migration. DOCK9 plays a critical role in influencing cell morphology, adhesion, and movement, making it significant in developmental biology and cancer progression.

Oats intolerance is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting oats, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an oats allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can lead to more severe symptoms, oats intolerance primarily results in digestive issues after consuming oats or oat-based products.

IgM (Immunoglobulin M) is a type of antibody that serves as the body’s first line of defense against infections. It plays a key role in the immune system’s early response by quickly recognizing and targeting invading pathogens. In diagnostic testing, IgM levels are measured to detect recent infections, such as Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. The presence of IgM antibodies in the blood typically indicates a recent exposure or active infection, providing important information about the early stages of immune response.

DMBX1 (Diencephalon/Mesencephalon Homeobox 1) is a homeobox gene that plays a key role in early brain development, especially in the diencephalon and mesencephalon regions. It is essential for the formation and differentiation of various brain structures. Changes in DMBX1 expression or function may be linked to developmental brain disorders.

Alder pollen is a common early spring allergen released by alder trees during their blooming season. This pollen can trigger allergic reactions such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis) in sensitive individuals. Symptoms often worsen on dry, windy days when pollen dispersal is at its highest.

DACT1 (Dishevelled-Binding Antagonist of Beta-Catenin 1) is a protein involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, which is essential for regulating embryonic development, cell growth, and differentiation. By modulating Wnt signaling, DACT1 helps control key processes in tissue development and maintenance. Changes in DACT1 activity have been linked to various cancers, highlighting its importance in cell proliferation and making it a focus of cancer research.

CST7 (Cystatin F) is a gene that encodes a protein inhibitor of cysteine proteases, important enzymes involved in protein breakdown. This protein helps regulate immune function by controlling protease activity in immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages, playing a key role in maintaining balanced immune responses.

Xanthurenate is a metabolite formed during the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. Its levels can reflect vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) status, as this vitamin acts as a vital cofactor in the process. Elevated xanthurenate may indicate a deficiency in vitamin B6.

APOA1 (Apolipoprotein A-I) is a gene that encodes the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. It plays a key role in cholesterol transport by helping remove excess cholesterol from tissues and delivering it to the liver for excretion. Variations in APOA1 can affect HDL levels and influence the risk of cardiovascular disease.