Urine density, also called urine specific gravity, is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It reflects the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine and serves as an indicator of hydration status and kidney function. While normal values can vary, deviations may indicate dehydration, overhydration, or underlying kidney disorders.

NLGN1 (Neuroligin 1): NLGN1 is a measure that reflects the presence and function of a key protein in the nervous system — Neuroligin 1, encoded by the NLGN1 gene. It plays a vital role in the formation and modulation of synapses, supporting synaptic specialization, strength, and plasticity. NLGN1 is critical for learning, memory, and overall brain function, and has been a focus in research on autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions.

NKX2-3 (NK2 Homeobox 3): NKX2-3 is a gene that encodes a transcription factor important for gastrointestinal development and homeostasis. It helps regulate genes involved in intestinal epithelial cell differentiation and mucosal immunity. Dysregulation of NKX2-3 has been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases.

Herring intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting herring, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a herring allergy, which involves an immune response and can cause severe reactions, herring intolerance is typically limited to digestive symptoms after eating this type of fish.

Chamomile tea intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting chamomile tea, an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers. Unlike a chamomile tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, intolerance mainly leads to digestive discomfort. People with chamomile tea intolerance typically experience gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming chamomile tea.

Acarus siro, commonly known as the flour mite, is a species often found in stored grains and flour. These mites can thrive in kitchen cupboards and pantries, particularly in humid conditions. For sensitive individuals, exposure may trigger allergic symptoms and can be especially problematic for those with existing respiratory conditions.

Honey intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting honey, a natural sweetener produced by bees. It can cause gastrointestinal discomfort and is distinct from a honey allergy, which involves an immune reaction and may trigger more severe symptoms. People with honey intolerance typically experience digestive issues after consuming honey or products containing it.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infection under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are associated with conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. While they can be sexually transmitted, they are not always classified strictly as STIs.

Rye intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting rye, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike rye allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, rye intolerance typically results in digestive issues after consuming rye or rye-based products.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including inhibition of mineralization and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

HIV-2 is a less common type of human immunodeficiency virus. Like HIV-1, it affects immune cells and can lead to immune suppression over time, but it is generally associated with slower disease progression. HIV-2 is still clinically important and requires proper diagnostic confirmation and medical follow-up.

HIV-1 is the most common type of human immunodeficiency virus. It primarily targets immune cells (especially CD4 T-cells) and, if untreated, can gradually weaken the immune system over time. HIV-1 is the main driver of the global HIV epidemic and is the type most people refer to when they say “HIV”.

RAB38 is a member of the Ras-related protein family and acts as a key regulator of intracellular membrane trafficking, particularly within the endosomal-lysosomal system. Primarily located in the cytoplasm, RAB38 coordinates the movement and fusion of membrane-bound vesicles, ensuring proper sorting and delivery of cargo molecules. This protein plays a specialized role in melanosome biogenesis, supporting the maturation and transport of melanosomes — organelles responsible for melanin synthesis and distribution in melanocytes. Through its interactions with effector proteins and membrane fusion machinery, RAB38 facilitates these critical cellular processes.

PAX1 (Paired Box 1): PAX1 is a key regulatory gene involved in the development of the spine and thoracic cage. It plays a crucial role in skeletal formation, and mutations in PAX1 can result in congenital spinal and skeletal malformations.

p-Cresol sulfate is a metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria through the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. It is primarily detoxified in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Higher levels may reflect increased bacterial protein fermentation, impaired detoxification, or reduced renal clearance. Balanced levels indicate efficient gut microbial metabolism and normal liver–kidney function.

MTRR (Methionine Synthase Reductase): MTRR is an enzyme that plays a critical role in regenerating methylcobalamin, supporting the continuous function of MTR in homocysteine metabolism. It is essential for maintaining proper methionine levels and normal DNA synthesis. Mutations in MTRR are linked to homocystinuria, which can contribute to developmental and neurological complications. Understanding MTRR function provides insights for potential therapies for genetic disorders.

ZKSCAN5 (Zinc Finger with KRAB and SCAN Domains 5): ZKSCAN5 encodes a zinc finger protein containing KRAB (Krüppel-associated box) and SCAN (SRE-ZBP, CTfin51, AW-1, and Number 18 cDNA) domains. These domains play important roles in transcriptional regulation and DNA binding. The specific functions of ZKSCAN5 are still under investigation.

Sarcosine is an amino acid that supports mental health and metabolism. It plays a role in synthesizing other amino acids, aiding muscle growth, and supporting cognitive function. Naturally present in egg yolks, turkey, and legumes, sarcosine is linked to brain health and is being explored for its potential in mental health research.

CASQ2 (Calsequestrin 2): CASQ2 is a protein involved in calcium storage within the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cells. It plays a key role in regulating calcium balance and cardiac muscle contraction. Mutations in CASQ2 are associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a condition characterized by irregular heartbeats triggered by physical activity or stress.

LBP (Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein): LBP is a protein that plays a key role in the immune response to bacterial infections. It binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and helps trigger the innate immune system. LBP is an important component of the body’s defense against bacterial pathogens.

Tarragon is a fragrant herb known for its distinct anise-like flavor and is commonly used to enhance the taste of various dishes. While generally safe, some individuals may experience tarragon intolerance, which can affect their ability to consume it without discomfort.

REX1BD (REX1 Basic Domain): REX1BD is a gene region characterized by a basic domain that may contribute to DNA binding or protein–protein interactions. While its exact functions and roles in cellular processes are not yet fully understood, ongoing research aims to clarify its significance in biological systems.

PFKP (Phosphofructokinase, Platelet): PFKP is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that regulates the rate of glucose metabolism. It catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Proper regulation of PFKP is essential for cellular energy production, and its dysregulation has been studied in cancer, where altered glucose metabolism is commonly observed.

SCAMP5 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 5): SCAMP5 is a member of the SCAMP family, involved in membrane trafficking processes. It plays a key role in regulating membrane recycling and exocytosis, especially in neurons. SCAMP5 is important for neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication, and its function may have implications in neurological disorders.

ADH1B (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B): ADH1B is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the first step of alcohol metabolism, converting ethanol into acetaldehyde. Genetic variations in ADH1B can influence the rate of alcohol metabolism, affecting alcohol tolerance and the risk of alcohol-related diseases.

NUDT9 (Nudix Hydrolase 9): NUDT9 is a gene that encodes a member of the Nudix hydrolase family. Proteins in this family are involved in the hydrolysis of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. While the specific substrates and functions of NUDT9 are still being studied, it plays a role in nucleotide metabolism and cellular homeostasis.

LIN7C (Lin-7 Homolog C, Crumbs Cell Polarity Complex Component): LIN7C is a protein that reflects the role of the LIN7 family in establishing and maintaining cell polarity. It is essential for proper cell function and tissue organization, particularly in neural and epithelial cells. Mutations or dysregulation of LIN7C can disrupt cell polarity and signaling, potentially contributing to developmental abnormalities or disease.

Fruit allergies, such as those to kiwi, mango, and banana, are increasingly recognized and reflect the body’s immune response to specific proteins in these fruits. These allergies can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe reactions, and identifying and managing them effectively is essential for maintaining health and well-being.

Acinetobacter spp. is a group of gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil, water, and occasionally in the human gut. Although they are not dominant in a healthy microbiome, certain strains can colonize the intestines, especially after antibiotic use or in hospital environments. Some species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are known for their antibiotic resistance and their role in infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In fecal analysis, the presence of Acinetobacter may reflect environmental exposure, microbial imbalance, or antibiotic-related changes in the gut flora.

KCNMB3 (Potassium Calcium-Activated Channel Subfamily M Regulatory Beta Subunit 3): KCNMB3 is part of a family of calcium-activated potassium channels that help regulate neuronal excitability and vascular tone. This gene is important for blood pressure control and cardiovascular function, and variations in KCNMB3 may be associated with hypertension and heart disease.

Tuna and salmon are popular fish choices worldwide, known for their taste and health benefits. However, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to these fish, a condition that can range from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening reactions. Understanding the symptoms, triggers, and management strategies for tuna and salmon allergies is important for those affected.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus), commonly known as the European house dust mite, is a common indoor allergen. These microscopic organisms thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on organic matter such as shed human skin flakes. Their body fragments and waste products can provoke allergic reactions and asthma in sensitive individuals.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a herbaceous plant from the mint family, best known for its stimulating effects on cats. While not typically consumed by humans, some individuals may experience catnip intolerance — a sensitivity to its compounds that can cause digestive discomfort. This differs from a catnip allergy, which involves an immune reaction and may trigger more severe symptoms.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetate (5-HIAA) is a measure that reflects the breakdown of serotonin, a key neurotransmitter in the body. It is primarily used as a clinical marker, particularly for detecting and monitoring carcinoid tumors that may overproduce serotonin. Urinary 5-HIAA levels can also serve as an approximate indicator of the body’s overall serotonin levels.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through multiple stages — primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary — and can affect different organ systems over time. Syphilis is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex, and can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis.

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that reflects the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. It is transported to the liver, where it is processed and excreted into the bile. Healthy liver function ensures bilirubin is efficiently filtered from the blood and converted into a form that can be eliminated through the digestive system. Blood bilirubin levels serve as an important indicator of liver health, bile duct function, and red blood cell turnover.

Shellfish allergies are a type of food allergy that affect both adults and children. This allergy often involves a variety of shellfish, including blue mussel, oyster, clam, and scallop. Because allergic reactions can be severe, understanding how to recognize and manage a shellfish allergy is essential for those affected.

The Testosterone/Cortisol ratio reflects the balance between anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes in the body. Testosterone supports muscle growth, energy, and recovery, while cortisol is a stress hormone that can promote tissue breakdown when chronically elevated. A healthy ratio may indicate good resilience, recovery capacity, and hormonal balance, whereas a low ratio may suggest high stress load, overtraining, or hormonal imbalance. This marker is particularly relevant for athletes, individuals under chronic stress, or those with fatigue-related symptoms. It helps provide context to both testosterone and cortisol values when interpreted together.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) refer to a group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids play key roles in muscle protein synthesis, energy production, and recovery, especially during physical activity. Measuring total BCAA levels in the blood provides insight into protein metabolism, nutritional status, and muscle health. Imbalances can be linked to poor dietary intake, metabolic dysfunction, or increased demand due to stress, illness, or intense training. BCAA levels are particularly relevant for athletes, individuals with fatigue, or those recovering from illness or muscle loss.

Blood group B has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. People with this blood type can donate blood to those with blood group B or AB. They can receive blood from donors with blood group B or O. Blood group B is less common in some regions. Compatibility is key for safe transfusions.

Barley is a widely used grain found in various foods and beverages — from bread and cereals to beer. For some individuals, barley can cause an allergic reaction due to its protein content. Recognizing the symptoms and properly managing a barley allergy is important for those affected.

Citrate is a compound that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle, essential for energy production in aerobic organisms. It helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP (energy). Citrate also supports the regulation of the body’s acid-base balance and contributes to kidney stone prevention by binding with calcium.

IgG antibodies are produced later in the immune response and usually reflect past exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. They tend to appear 2–3 weeks after infection onset and can remain detectable for months or years. A positive IgG result does not necessarily indicate an active infection but shows that the immune system has previously encountered the pathogen. In combination with IgM, IgG testing helps differentiate between acute, recent, and past infections.

SELENOM (Selenoprotein M): SELENOM is a member of the selenoprotein family, proteins that incorporate selenium. It is primarily found in the brain and is believed to have antioxidant properties. While its exact role in neurological function is not fully understood, SELENOM may help protect neurons from oxidative stress, with potential implications for neurodegenerative diseases.

The Monkeypox virus A29L antigen is a surface protein associated with the monkeypox virus (Mpox), a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted from animals to humans and between individuals. Detection of the A29L antigen in a sample indicates an active infection, as antigens are typically present during the early symptomatic phase of the illness.

PRIMA1 (Proline Rich Membrane Anchor 1):PRIMA1 is a gene that encodes a protein involved in anchoring acetylcholinesterase to neuronal membranes. This protein plays a key role in the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is important for regulating cholinergic neurotransmission. It is also of interest in research on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

MDFI (MyoD Family Inhibitor): MDFI is a gene involved in regulating muscle differentiation and development. It functions as an inhibitor of MyoD family transcription factors, which are key regulators of myogenesis. By modulating their activity, MDFI helps control muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, playing a vital role in muscle formation and repair. Dysregulation of MDFI can impact muscle development and regeneration.

Firmicutes is one of the major bacterial phyla in the human gut microbiome, comprising many species involved in energy extraction from food. These bacteria are efficient at breaking down complex carbohydrates and producing short-chain fatty acids, which can support gut and metabolic health. However, a disproportionately high ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes has been associated in some studies with obesity and metabolic disturbances. The balance of Firmicutes is therefore an important marker for assessing microbial diversity and potential metabolic tendencies. Individual health effects depend on overall composition and host factors.

New World hookworms (Necator americanus) are a type of parasitic worm commonly found in the Americas. These parasites attach to the intestinal walls of their hosts, causing chronic blood loss, anemia, and protein deficiency. The larvae can penetrate the skin from contaminated soil, putting individuals who come into contact with such environments at risk of infection.

King crab, a delicacy in seafood cuisine, is prized for its taste and texture. However, some individuals may experience king crab intolerance, which can affect their enjoyment of this seafood.

Pinworms (Oxyuris), also known as threadworms, are common intestinal parasites, especially in children. These small, white worms cause itching around the anus, disrupted sleep, and irritability due to their nighttime egg-laying. Infection spreads through the fecal-oral route, often by ingesting microscopic eggs from contaminated hands, surfaces, or food.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced mainly by the liver that binds and transports sex steroids—primarily testosterone and estradiol—in the bloodstream. By binding these hormones, SHBG regulates how much is biologically available to tissues. Higher SHBG generally reduces the free (unbound) fraction of testosterone and estradiol, while lower SHBG increases it. Because of this buffering role, SHBG is an important determinant of hormonal balance in both men and women and is commonly measured alongside total testosterone and estradiol to aid interpretation.

Aubergine intolerance, also known as eggplant intolerance in some regions, is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting aubergine. Unlike an aubergine allergy, which involves an immune system response and can trigger more severe reactions, intolerance primarily leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. People with aubergine intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming aubergine.

Cabbage intolerance refers to difficulty digesting cabbage, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cabbage allergy, which triggers an immune reaction, this intolerance is related to digestion and typically causes symptoms after eating cabbage.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol often referred to as “bad” cholesterol. It carries cholesterol particles through the bloodstream, and high levels can contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries. This buildup, known as atherosclerosis, can narrow and stiffen arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Shrimp allergy is a common type of shellfish allergy, involving an immune reaction to proteins found in shrimp. It is one of the most common food allergies in adults and can cause a range of symptoms from mild to severe, including the risk of anaphylaxis. Shrimp allergy is typically lifelong and can be triggered by eating shrimp or even by inhaling steam from cooking shrimp.

ATP8B1 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B1) is a gene that encodes a phospholipid transporter found in the liver cell membrane. It helps maintain the lipid balance of cell membranes and bile. Mutations in ATP8B1 can lead to progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), a group of inherited liver disorders.

Avocado intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting avocado, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike avocado allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can lead to more severe reactions, avocado intolerance is limited to digestive symptoms that occur after avocado consumption.

Urinary leukocytes are white blood cells found in urine. They are typically absent or present in very small numbers, and higher levels often signal infection or inflammation in the urinary tract or kidneys. Their detection is an important marker for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other kidney-related conditions.

Non-HDL cholesterol is a measure of all cholesterol types that can contribute to arterial plaque buildup, including LDL (low-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), and other atherogenic lipid particles. It is calculated by subtracting HDL (high-density lipoprotein), or "good" cholesterol, from total cholesterol. Non-HDL cholesterol is considered a more comprehensive indicator of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone, as it reflects all harmful cholesterol particles.

Fennel intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting fennel, an aromatic herb often used in Mediterranean and Indian cuisine. It typically causes gastrointestinal discomfort and differs from fennel allergy, which involves an immune reaction and can trigger more severe symptoms. People with fennel intolerance usually experience digestive issues after consuming fennel or fennel-flavored foods.

Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can affect humans and animals. These flat, segmented worms can grow to considerable lengths. They typically enter the body through the consumption of contaminated food or water. While tapeworm infections may sometimes be asymptomatic, they can also cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Threadworms (Strongyloides stercoralis) are tiny intestinal parasites that cause strongyloidiasis. They can be asymptomatic or lead to a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and, in severe cases, malabsorption. Transmission occurs through skin contact with contaminated soil. These worms are notable for their ability to reproduce within the host, which can result in persistent, long-lasting infections.

Dill intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting dill, an herb commonly used for its distinctive flavor in pickles, salads, and seafood dishes. It typically causes gastrointestinal discomfort and differs from a dill allergy, which triggers an immune response and can result in more severe symptoms. People with dill intolerance usually experience digestive issues after consuming dill or foods containing it.

Beef intolerance is a condition in which the digestive system reacts adversely to the consumption of beef. Unlike a beef allergy, which triggers an immune response and can be more severe, beef intolerance is related to difficulties in digesting or processing certain components of beef.

ATP1B3 (ATPase Na+/K+ Transporting Subunit Beta 3): ATP1B3 is a component of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump, which maintains cellular ion gradients essential for cell volume regulation and electrical activity. This subunit influences the pump’s activity and specificity, supporting muscle function, nerve signaling, and kidney filtration. Alterations in ATP1B3 may be linked to cardiovascular and neurological disorders.

Lamb intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting lamb meat, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a lamb allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and may cause severe symptoms, lamb intolerance typically leads to digestive issues that occur after consuming lamb.

HORMAD1 (HORMA Domain-Containing Protein 1): HORMAD1 is a gene that encodes a protein containing a HORMA domain, which is involved in chromosome dynamics during meiosis. It plays a key role in regulating homologous chromosome pairing and segregation, contributing to genetic diversity and proper gamete formation.

Halibut intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting halibut, a flatfish commonly eaten as a seafood delicacy. It can cause gastrointestinal discomfort and differs from a halibut allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and may result in more severe symptoms. People with halibut intolerance typically experience digestive issues after eating halibut or dishes prepared with it.

Kynurenine is a key metabolite in the breakdown of the essential amino acid tryptophan. It acts as a precursor to several important compounds, including neuroprotective kynurenic acid and neurotoxic quinolinic acid, and plays a crucial role in a range of physiological and pathological processes in the body.

Urinary nitrates are chemical compounds typically absent or present only in small amounts in urine. Their presence can indicate a bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), since certain bacteria can convert urinary nitrite into nitrate. Nitrate testing is a common diagnostic method for detecting UTIs.

HPRT1 (Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1): HPRT1 is an essential gene involved in purine metabolism. It catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate (IMP), a key precursor for purine nucleotide synthesis. Mutations in HPRT1 can result in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare genetic disorder associated with neurological and behavioral abnormalities.

SERTAD2 (SERTA Domain Containing 2): SERTAD2 is a multifunctional protein that contains a SERTA domain, which is linked to cell cycle regulation. In addition to its role in cell cycle progression, SERTAD2 participates in key cellular processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and chromatin remodeling. Its interactions with various transcription factors and co-regulators make it an important regulator of gene expression.

Grass pollen allergies are a measure that reflects sensitivity to various grass species — including sweet vernal, orchard grass, common reed, and bent grass. These allergens can significantly affect individuals prone to allergic reactions, influencing respiratory health, eye irritation, and overall well-being. Understanding these allergies, recognizing symptoms, and applying effective management strategies can help reduce discomfort and improve quality of life during peak pollen seasons.

Carrot allergy is an allergic reaction triggered by specific proteins in carrots. Though uncommon, it can affect individuals with sensitivities to certain plant-based foods. It is often linked to Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS), particularly in people allergic to birch or mugwort pollen, due to cross-reactive proteins.

KMO (Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the kynurenine pathway, responsible for metabolizing the amino acid tryptophan. It helps regulate the balance of metabolites within this pathway, influencing processes that can affect brain health. KMO activity has been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and schizophrenia.

PKP4 (Plakophilin 4): PKP4 is a protein that supports cell–cell adhesion, particularly within desmosomes — specialized structures that link neighboring cells. It helps maintain tissue integrity, especially in areas exposed to mechanical stress. Mutations in PKP4 can disrupt this function, contributing to certain skin and cardiac disorders.

Grape intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting grapes, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a grape allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, grape intolerance typically results in digestive symptoms after consuming grapes or grape-derived products.

Urobilinogen in urine is a by-product of red blood cell breakdown, formed in the intestines from bilirubin and excreted in the urine. It is normally found in low concentrations and serves as an indicator of liver function and health. Abnormally high or low levels may indicate liver disease or blood-related conditions.

THADA (Thyroid Adenoma Associated): THADA is a gene associated with thyroid adenomas, a type of thyroid tumor. It may play a role in thyroid tumorigenesis and has been implicated in thyroid cancer development, making it a focus of ongoing research in thyroid diseases.

Pancreatic elastase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in protein digestion. Measuring its levels in stool can provide important insights into pancreatic function. Because the enzyme remains stable in fecal matter, it serves as a reliable marker for assessing the exocrine function of the pancreas, especially in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency.

SCAMP1 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 1): SCAMP1 is a protein involved in membrane trafficking processes, particularly in the recycling of membrane proteins and in exocytosis. It plays a key role in cellular communication and the transport of substances within cells, which is essential for various cellular functions.

Allergies to seafood such as plaice, anchovy, and Alaska pollock occur when the immune system reacts to specific proteins in these fish. These reactions can cause a range of symptoms and may significantly affect diet and lifestyle. Understanding the triggers, symptoms, and management strategies is important for those living with these allergies.

Chicken intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting chicken, resulting in digestive discomfort. Unlike a chicken allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more immediate and severe reactions, chicken intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

COL11A1 (Collagen Type XI Alpha 1 Chain): COL11A1 is a gene that encodes a key component of type XI collagen, which is essential for the structure and integrity of connective tissue. Mutations in COL11A1 are linked to several connective tissue disorders, including some forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Stickler syndrome.

The quantitative determination of nitrogen (N) is a laboratory test that measures nitrogen levels in bodily excretions, typically urine or feces, to assess protein digestion and absorption. This test is essential for evaluating nutritional status, especially in clinical settings where protein-energy malnutrition or imbalances may be a concern. It provides key insights into metabolic functions related to protein turnover and can help diagnose conditions affecting protein metabolism, including kidney disease, malabsorption syndromes, and certain metabolic disorders.

Dientamoeba fragilis is a single-celled parasite that resides in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is linked to dientamoebiasis, a condition that may cause various digestive symptoms. Its exact mode of transmission and role in disease remain under investigation.

SLC22A5 (Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5): SLC22A5 is a protein, also known as OCTN2, that functions as a key carnitine transporter in the body. It facilitates the cellular uptake of carnitine, a compound essential for moving fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. This process is critical for energy metabolism in tissues such as the heart and muscles. Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene can result in primary carnitine deficiency, a condition marked by muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy, highlighting its vital role in metabolic health and energy balance.

Cucumber intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting cucumber, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cucumber allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, cucumber intolerance typically leads to digestive symptoms after consumption.

Baker’s yeast intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting baker’s yeast, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a baker’s yeast allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, intolerance is limited to digestive issues. Symptoms typically occur after consuming foods or drinks made with baker’s yeast.

ATXN1 (Ataxin 1): ATXN1 is a gene that encodes the ataxin-1 protein, which plays a role in neuronal function. Mutations in ATXN1, especially those involving expanded CAG repeats, lead to spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) — a neurodegenerative disorder marked by progressive loss of motor coordination and balance. Studying ATXN1 is important for understanding SCA1 and developing potential treatments for related neurological diseases.

GPR139 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly expressed in the central nervous system, especially in regions involved in regulating neurotransmitter systems and neuronal activity. It is thought to modulate neurotransmission, particularly dopamine and glutamate signaling, and may act as an inhibitory receptor by lowering cAMP levels and reducing neuronal excitability.

AMBRA1 (Autophagy and Beclin 1 Regulator 1): AMBRA1 is a key protein that regulates autophagy, the process by which cells degrade and recycle their components. It supports cell survival during stress by working with BECN1 (Beclin 1) to initiate autophagosome formation. Proper function of AMBRA1 is essential for cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation has been associated with developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.

ALX4 (ALX Homeobox 4): ALX4 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in skull and limb development. Mutations in this gene are linked to craniofacial malformations and skeletal abnormalities, underscoring its importance in bone formation and morphogenesis.

APEH (Acylaminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase): APEH is an enzyme that plays a key role in protein turnover by degrading acetylated peptides. It is involved in processing damaged or misfolded proteins, helping to maintain protein homeostasis. Dysfunctions in APEH can impact neurodegenerative processes and the body’s response to oxidative stress.

SCARB1 (Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 1): SCARB1 is a protein that plays a key role in the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. It is essential for lipid metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Variants in SCARB1 can affect cholesterol levels and have been linked to cardiovascular disease risk.

ALDH1A2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A2): ALDH1A2 is an enzyme in the aldehyde dehydrogenase family that catalyzes the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A. This conversion is essential for developmental processes such as embryogenesis, tissue patterning, and organ formation, as it regulates gene expression and cell differentiation through retinoic acid signaling. ALDH1A2 is highly expressed in developing tissues, including limb buds, the central nervous system, and sensory organs.

Palladium is a metal used in electronics, jewelry, and dental materials. While useful in various industries, high levels of inhalation or ingestion can be toxic, particularly in occupational settings. Exposure may cause respiratory, skin, and digestive issues, and some individuals may develop allergic reactions such as dermatitis.

Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting Alaska pollock, a type of fish, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an allergy to Alaska pollock, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, intolerance typically leads to digestive issues after consumption.

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect both men and women and may lead to serious, lasting damage to a woman’s reproductive system, increasing the risk of infertility. In some cases, it can also result in a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy, where the pregnancy develops outside the womb.