IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) activity reflects the rate at which the amino acid tryptophan is converted into kynurenine. This pathway is regulated by immune and inflammatory signals, particularly cytokines such as interferon-γ. An increased IDO activity (low tryptophan/kynurenine ratio) may indicate immune activation, chronic inflammation, or oxidative stress. Balanced IDO activity suggests normal immune regulation and adequate tryptophan availability for serotonin and melatonin synthesis.

Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is often referred to as the “stress hormone.” It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and the body’s ability to respond to physical and emotional stress. Cortisol follows a daily rhythm, peaking in the early morning to support wakefulness and gradually declining throughout the day. Measuring total cortisol in blood reflects the combined amount of free and protein-bound cortisol, providing insight into adrenal activity and overall hormone balance. Abnormal cortisol levels may be associated with conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, chronic stress, or metabolic disorders.

Transferrin is a blood protein responsible for binding and transporting iron throughout the body. It plays a key role in maintaining iron balance by delivering iron to tissues and storing excess iron in a safe form. Levels of transferrin typically rise when iron stores are low and decrease when iron stores are high or in cases of chronic illness. Measuring transferrin helps provide important insights into iron metabolism and related disorders.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. It is released into the bloodstream when cells are damaged, making it a useful marker for assessing liver injury and other tissue damage. Elevated AST levels are often seen in liver conditions such as hepatitis or fatty liver disease but can also reflect muscle injury or heart disease. AST is typically interpreted together with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to better evaluate the type and extent of liver damage.

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria during the breakdown of choline, carnitine, and lecithin—nutrients commonly found in meat, eggs, and dairy. In the liver, TMA is converted into Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a compound that has been linked to cardiovascular risk in several studies. Elevated TMA/TMAO levels may reflect high microbial conversion activity in the gut, imbalanced microbiota, or a diet rich in animal-based products. While research is ongoing, high TMAO has been associated with inflammation and impaired cholesterol metabolism. Balanced gut flora and plant-forward diets may help maintain healthy TMAO levels.

Blood group A has A antigens on the surface of red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood group can donate blood to people with blood group A or AB. They can receive blood from group A or O donors. Group A is one of the most common blood types worldwide. Proper matching is essential to avoid transfusion reactions.

Grapefruit intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s difficulty in digesting grapefruit, a citrus fruit valued for its tart flavor and nutritional benefits. Unlike a grapefruit allergy, which triggers an immune response, grapefruit intolerance typically leads to digestive discomfort such as bloating, gas, or stomach pain after consuming grapefruit or products containing it.

Pollen from ribwort plantain, a type of plant that can trigger respiratory allergies, especially in summer.

Meat from young sheep, commonly consumed in various cuisines. Can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

Dust mite allergen, which is a common indoor allergen causing respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Shellfish that is a common allergen, causing symptoms such as hives, swelling, and anaphylaxis.

CES1 (Carboxylesterase 1): CES1 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of various drugs, including clopidogrel, methylphenidate, and certain antiviral and chemotherapy agents. Genetic variations in CES1 can affect drug activation and breakdown, influencing both therapeutic effects and the risk of side effects. Testing CES1 can help optimize drug dosing and improve treatment outcomes.

CYP2C19 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 19): CYP2C19 is an enzyme involved in metabolizing medications such as proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel. Genetic variations affect enzyme activity, influencing drug effectiveness and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP2C19 can help optimize medication dosing and treatment choices.

VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1): VKORC1 is an enzyme involved in the recycling of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting. Genetic variations in VKORC1 influence sensitivity to vitamin K antagonists like warfarin, affecting dosage requirements and the risk of bleeding. Testing VKORC1 can help personalize anticoagulant therapy for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4): CYP3A4 is one of the most important enzymes in drug metabolism, involved in breaking down a wide range of medications, including statins, immunosuppressants, benzodiazepines, and certain chemotherapy drugs. Genetic variations in CYP3A4 can influence drug clearance, affecting both efficacy and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP3A4 can help guide medication dosing for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP2B6 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily B Member 6): CYP2B6 is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of various drugs, including bupropion, efavirenz, methadone, and certain anesthetics. Genetic variations in CYP2B6 affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown, effectiveness, and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP2B6 can help optimize medication dosing and reduce the likelihood of adverse reactions.

The potassium/sodium (K/Na) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential electrolytes in the body — potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Both play vital roles in maintaining nerve function, muscle contraction, hydration, and fluid balance.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential minerals in the body — magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are crucial for bone strength, muscle performance, nerve signaling, and cardiovascular health. An imbalance in this ratio can influence bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

The copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential trace minerals in the body — copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Both support critical physiological processes, including immune function, antioxidant defense, and enzyme activity. An imbalance in this ratio may signal underlying health concerns, with symptoms depending on whether there is an excess or deficiency of either mineral.

Noradrenaline, also called norepinephrine, is a chemical that functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body. It plays a key role in the fight-or-flight response, enhancing alertness, arousal, and reaction speed. Noradrenaline also supports mood regulation and helps maintain blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

The noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two key stress hormones — noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Both play vital roles in the body’s fight-or-flight response, influencing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy mobilization. This ratio can shift in response to factors such as stress, physical activity, and overall health status.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone and neurotransmitter released by the adrenal glands. It plays a critical role in the body’s fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for rapid action during stress. Adrenaline elevates heart rate, widens airways, and enhances energy availability, supporting quick and effective survival responses.

Influenza B is a type of influenza virus that contributes to seasonal flu outbreaks, primarily affecting humans. While typically less common than Influenza A, it can still cause significant illness, especially in children and young adults. Testing for Influenza B is important for accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and effective prevention during flu season.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that plays an important role in supporting health, though it is less well-known than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Found mainly in fish and seafood, DPA supports cardiovascular function, brain health, and overall well-being.

Emmentaler cheese intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting Emmentaler cheese — a traditional Swiss cheese known for its characteristic holes and mild, nutty flavor. Unlike an allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after consumption.

Horse meat intolerance is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting horse meat, which is consumed in certain parts of the world. It typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, or discomfort. Unlike a horse meat allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance usually involves non-immune digestive reactions following the consumption of horse meat or foods containing it.

FAM171A1 (Family With Sequence Similarity 171 Member A1) is a protein-coding gene with limited current characterization. It is thought to play a role in cellular processes such as protein interactions and signal transduction, though its exact functions in human health and disease remain under investigation.

WSCD1 (WSC Domain Containing 1) is a gene with limited characterization in humans, but it is thought to be involved in cellular responses to environmental stress. While its exact role is not fully understood, WSCD1 may contribute to mechanisms of cellular adaptation and survival under stress-related conditions.

ATF7 (Activating Transcription Factor 7) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor involved in regulating cellular responses to stress. As part of the ATF/CREB family, it helps control gene expression related to apoptosis, development, and neuronal survival. ATF7 activity is important for maintaining cellular balance, and its dysregulation has been linked to stress-related conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

Boron is a trace mineral that supports bone strength, cognitive function, and hormonal balance. It aids the body’s absorption of magnesium and calcium, helping protect against osteoporosis. Boron also contributes to mental clarity and overall brain performance. Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, nuts, beans, and leafy vegetables, it is easily incorporated into a healthy diet.

Sorbitol intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to digest sorbitol — a sugar alcohol commonly used as a sweetener in diet and sugar-free products. This can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, similar to those seen with other food intolerances.

WNT7B (Wnt Family Member 7B) is a gene involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, which plays a key role in embryonic development, cell growth, and tissue regeneration. WNT7B helps regulate gene expression and cell behavior. Dysregulation of WNT7B signaling has been linked to developmental disorders, fibrosis, and cancer, highlighting its importance in cell proliferation and disease progression.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that reflects the body’s shift to using fat as a primary fuel source. Produced by the liver from fatty acids during fasting, carbohydrate restriction, or intense exercise, BHB provides an alternative energy supply — particularly for the brain — when glucose is limited. It is a key marker of ketosis, a metabolic state associated with fat metabolism.

FAM160A2 (Family with Sequence Similarity 160 Member A2) is a gene with currently limited characterized information. While its precise biological role remains unclear, ongoing research aims to uncover its function and potential significance in human health and disease.

BAIAP2L1 (Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like 1) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular structure and signaling. As a member of the I-BAR domain-containing protein family, BAIAP2L1 plays a key role in actin cytoskeleton remodeling, membrane shaping, and cell movement. Its I-BAR domain enables interaction with actin filaments and membrane phospholipids, contributing to the formation of dynamic structures like filopodia and lamellipodia.

Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in certain products such as thermometers and dental fillings. While low exposure is generally harmless, excessive levels can be toxic, affecting the nervous, digestive, and immune systems. High mercury exposure may cause symptoms like tremors, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairment, and it poses significant environmental risks, particularly through water contamination.

Goose meat intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body has difficulty digesting goose meat, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a goose meat allergy, which triggers an immune response and may cause severe reactions, intolerance primarily results in digestive symptoms after consuming goose meat or dishes containing it.

Coriander seed intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system’s ability to process coriander seeds — the dried seeds of the coriander plant commonly used as a spice. It can lead to symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after consumption. Unlike a coriander seed allergy, which involves an immune response, this intolerance typically causes non-immune, digestive-related reactions.

Influenza A is a major type of virus responsible for seasonal flu, a contagious respiratory illness. Testing for Influenza A is important for accurate diagnosis, helping distinguish it from other respiratory infections with similar symptoms. This distinction supports timely treatment decisions and guides preventive measures to reduce transmission.

ATP1B2 (Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2) is a protein that functions as part of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump — a vital enzyme complex responsible for maintaining sodium and potassium ion balance across cell membranes. This balance is essential for key physiological processes such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and cell volume regulation. As a beta subunit, ATP1B2 supports the assembly, stability, and membrane localization of the pump by interacting with its catalytic alpha subunit.

VIPR2 (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2) is a gene that encodes a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide involved in regulating smooth muscle relaxation, immune responses, and neurotransmission. This receptor is present on the surface of cells in various tissues and plays a key role in mediating VIP signaling pathways.

Free chlorine is a measure of the chlorine available in water for disinfection. It is a strong oxidizing agent that exists primarily as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite ion (OCl⁻), depending on the water’s pH. Free chlorine plays a key role in killing harmful bacteria and viruses, helping to ensure water safety, but must be carefully controlled due to its high reactivity.

FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad Diadenosine Triphosphatase) is a tumor suppressor gene involved in purine metabolism. It plays a key role in maintaining genomic stability, and its loss or alteration has been associated with various cancers, highlighting its importance in preventing tumor development.

Estrogen is a primary sex hormone present in both women and men, though at different levels. In women, it supports the development and regulation of the reproductive system, menstrual cycle, and secondary sexual characteristics, while also influencing bone health, skin, and mood. In men, it plays a role in libido, erectile function, and sperm production. Mainly produced in the ovaries for women and the testes for men, estrogen levels naturally fluctuate during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause. Imbalances can contribute to menstrual irregularities, mood changes, and other health concerns.

Saturated fatty acids are a type of dietary fat commonly found in animal products and certain plant oils. They contain no double bonds in their structure, which makes them solid at room temperature. Their impact on health is multifaceted, with effects that can be beneficial or harmful depending on overall intake and dietary context.

Chanterelle intolerance is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting chanterelle mushrooms, a type of edible fungi known for their rich flavor and unique shape. Unlike a true allergy, which involves an immune response, chanterelle intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after consumption.

The Omega-3 Index is a measure that reflects the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in red blood cell membranes. It serves as an important marker of cardiovascular health and overall well-being, indicating both dietary intake of omega-3s and their integration into cell structures.

Casein intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body has difficulty digesting casein — a protein found in milk and dairy products. Unlike a casein allergy, which triggers an immune response, casein intolerance primarily affects the digestive system, often causing symptoms such as bloating, gas, or abdominal discomfort after consuming dairy.

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a type of Omega-6 fatty acid found in certain plant-based oils, such as evening primrose and borage oil. Unlike most Omega-6 fatty acids, GLA has anti-inflammatory properties and may support the management of conditions like eczema, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and arthritis.

Escherichia coli Biovare is a distinct subspecies of E. coli that is not typically abundant in a healthy human intestine. It includes various forms, such as hemolytic, mucoid, and lactose-negative types. Elevated levels—especially in the presence of alkaline pH and low beneficial E. coli—may suggest weakened mucosal immunity, often linked to reduced secretory IgA production.

Nitrates (NO₃⁻) and nitrites (NO₂⁻) are nitrogen-oxygen compounds commonly found in water, either from natural sources or as a result of agricultural runoff and industrial activity. Both are indicators of water quality and, at elevated levels, can pose health risks, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Common sole intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest common sole, a type of flatfish commonly eaten as seafood. It typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, discomfort, or nausea after consumption. Unlike a common sole allergy, which involves an immune response, intolerance is related to digestion and usually results in milder, non-immune symptoms.

Green peas intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to digest green peas efficiently. Unlike a green peas allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause severe responses, intolerance primarily leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. Common symptoms include bloating, gas, and abdominal pain after consuming green peas.

Carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that plays a key role in energy metabolism. It transports long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are broken down to produce energy, and helps remove metabolic waste from cells. While the body can synthesize carnitine in the liver and kidneys, it is also obtained from dietary sources, primarily animal-based foods.

WNT10A (Wnt Family Member 10A) is a gene that plays a key role in the Wnt signaling pathway, which is essential for regulating cell growth, development, and tissue formation. It is particularly important in the development of skin, hair, teeth, and bones. Variations or mutations in WNT10A have been linked to several developmental conditions affecting these structures.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis, an infection that can range from mild or asymptomatic to severe forms, including dysentery and liver abscesses. It is a major public health concern in regions with poor sanitation, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that colonizes the stomach lining and is known for its role in gastrointestinal disorders. It is commonly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Its ability to thrive in the stomach’s acidic environment makes it a key factor in long-term digestive health.

DOK5 (Docking Protein 5) is a member of the DOK family of adaptor proteins, which act as substrates for receptor tyrosine kinases and help transmit signals inside cells. It plays important roles in pathways that control cell growth, differentiation, and survival. DOK5 is particularly involved in neuronal development and has been linked to insulin signaling, making it significant for both nervous system formation and metabolic regulation.

Glutamine is an amino acid that supports gut health and strengthens the immune system. It plays a key role in maintaining intestinal function, aiding digestion, and supporting muscle recovery. Commonly found in meats, eggs, and dairy products, glutamine is also used in supplements to promote digestive health and immune function.

Lobster intolerance refers to a condition where some individuals have difficulty digesting lobster, a popular seafood known for its rich flavor and texture. This intolerance can cause digestive discomfort and affect the ability to enjoy this shellfish.

C16ORF82 (Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 82), also known as FAM173B, is a gene that is still being studied to understand its function. Early research suggests it may be involved in mitochondrial processes, playing a role in cellular energy metabolism. Because of this mitochondrial link, it could be important in conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction, though more research is needed to confirm its exact role.

DGKB (Diacylglycerol Kinase Beta) is an enzyme that plays a key role in lipid signaling by converting diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. It is involved in important cellular processes such as insulin sensitivity and neurotransmitter signaling. Changes in DGKB function have been linked to metabolic disorders and are studied in relation to conditions like diabetes and obesity.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolepis nana) are common parasites that infect humans, particularly children. They are unique because they can complete their entire lifecycle within a single host, allowing direct transmission without needing an intermediate host. While infections are often without symptoms, they can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, weight loss and malnutrition.

SLCO1B1 (Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1): SLCO1B1 is a transporter protein that helps move drugs, including statins, into liver cells for metabolism. Genetic variations in SLCO1B1 can reduce transporter function, leading to higher drug levels in the blood and an increased risk of statin-induced muscle side effects. Testing SLCO1B1 can help guide statin selection and dosing to minimize adverse effects.

Strawberry allergy is a sensitivity to specific proteins present in strawberries. While less common than many other food allergies, it can trigger symptoms ranging from mild oral irritation to more serious systemic reactions. These responses may include itching, swelling, hives, or, in rare cases, severe allergic reactions.

WDR70 (WD Repeat Domain 70) is a gene that encodes a protein containing WD repeat domains, which help facilitate protein-protein interactions. This protein is involved in key cellular processes like cell cycle regulation and may also play a role in RNA processing. While its exact functions are still being studied, WDR70 is thought to contribute to cellular organization and overall cell function.

SPPL3 (Signal Peptide Peptidase-Like 3) is an enzyme in the intramembrane-cleaving protease family that processes certain transmembrane proteins. By releasing intracellular domains from its substrates, SPPL3 influences cellular signaling and regulation. It plays a key role in immune system function, including B cell maturation, and has been linked to some autoimmune conditions. Studying SPPL3 helps reveal how intramembrane proteolysis impacts human health and disease.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a long-chain Omega-6 fatty acid that plays an important role in inflammation and cell signaling. Found in foods like meat, eggs, and dairy, AA is essential for brain function, muscle growth, and overall health, with a complex influence on both normal physiology and disease processes.

Garlic intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body has difficulty digesting garlic. It is different from a garlic allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions. Garlic intolerance mainly leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after consuming garlic.

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated Omega-6 fatty acid that plays a key role in the body’s functions. Found in many vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, LA is important for maintaining healthy cell membranes and contributes to the regulation of inflammatory processes.

SIPA1L3 (Signal-Induced Proliferation-Associated 1 Like 3) is a gene involved in signal transduction and cell growth. It plays an important role in the nervous system by supporting synaptic function and neuronal communication. Changes in SIPA1L3 may affect brain development and cognitive function, potentially contributing to neurological disorders.

FN3KRP (Fructosamine 3 Kinase-Related Protein) is a protein involved in fructosamine metabolism and may help regulate glucose levels in the body. It is related to the enzyme fructosamine 3 kinase and may influence glycation processes, which are linked to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that affect diabetes and aging-related conditions.

ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) is a protein that acts as a transmembrane protease, involved in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. It functions by cleaving the extracellular parts of various cell surface proteins, such as growth factors and receptors, influencing important pathways like Notch and cadherin signaling. ADAM10 plays key roles in tissue development, cell communication, and nervous system function.

XKR6 (XK Related 6) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the XK family, which may be involved in transmembrane transport. Although its exact function is not yet fully understood, XKR6 could play a role in cellular processes important for human health.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in reproductive health for both men and women. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports the menstrual cycle by stimulating progesterone production. In men, it promotes testosterone production in the testes. Maintaining balanced LH levels is important for proper hormonal regulation and reproductive function.

Pseudomonas in stool refers to the presence of bacteria from the Pseudomonas genus, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the gastrointestinal tract. While not typically a common gut inhabitant, it can cause infection or overgrowth, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Its detection may indicate an imbalance in gut microbiota or an underlying condition, especially if gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

ADAMTSL3 (ADAMTS-Like 3) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the ADAMTS family, which is involved in organizing the extracellular matrix and regulating cell-matrix interactions. This protein plays a role in maintaining connective tissue structure and has been linked to lung and eye development, as well as certain connective tissue disorders.

SPATA32 (Spermatogenesis Associated 32) is a gene mainly expressed in the testis and is thought to be involved in the process of spermatogenesis. While its precise role in male reproductive health and fertility is not yet fully understood, SPATA32 is considered important for research in reproductive biology and fertility.

Cow’s milk reactions refer to different conditions that occur in response to consuming cow’s milk, including cow’s milk intolerance, cow’s milk allergy, and lactose intolerance. Cow’s milk intolerance involves difficulty digesting milk proteins, often causing digestive discomfort. Cow’s milk allergy is an immune reaction that can lead to more severe symptoms. Lactose intolerance results from the inability to digest lactose, the natural sugar in milk. Each condition differs in cause, symptoms, and management.

Nicotinic acid (niacin or vitamin B3) is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerve function, and digestion. It’s naturally found in foods like meat, fish, and grains, and can also be made from the amino acid tryptophan. A deficiency in nicotinic acid can cause pellagra, a condition marked by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.

SLC16A9 (Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 9) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the solute carrier family, which helps transport small molecules across cell membranes. While its exact substrates and functions are still being studied, SLC16A9 plays a role in cellular transport processes.

Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) is an invasive climbing plant that blooms in late summer, releasing pollen that can trigger allergic reactions. This pollen plays a significant role in seasonal allergies, especially for those sensitive to it, with symptoms often worsening in urban areas where the plant is more widespread.

Corn intolerance is a digestive condition that reflects the body’s difficulty in processing corn. Unlike a corn allergy, which is an immune system response causing more immediate and severe reactions, corn intolerance primarily leads to gastrointestinal symptoms and discomfort.

Thallium (Tl) is a heavy metal that poses significant health risks upon exposure. It can cause symptoms such as hair loss, nerve damage, and digestive issues. Common sources of thallium exposure include contaminated water, certain industrial processes, and its past use in rat poison. Although its use in consumer products has declined, thallium remains a hazard in industrial settings. Exposure to thallium, while uncommon, requires prompt medical intervention to reduce health complications.

DEF8 (Differentially Expressed in FDCP 8 Homolog) is a gene involved in endocytic trafficking and cellular signaling. It functions as a scaffold protein, helping coordinate interactions between signaling molecules and endosomes—key for proper receptor function and cell communication. Disruptions in DEF8 activity have been linked to cancer and immune-related conditions.

ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a protein that plays a key role in cell-to-cell adhesion, enabling cells to interact, migrate, and target specific locations in the body. It is involved in critical processes such as nerve development, immune regulation, and tissue repair. Dysregulation of ALCAM has been linked to cancer metastasis, autoimmune disorders, and other pathological conditions.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animal and plant sources. As the most abundant saturated fat in the human body and diet, it plays important roles in energy storage and cellular function. However, excessive intake of palmitic acid has been associated with potential risks to heart health.

Wasp venom allergy is a condition that occurs when the body has an allergic reaction to the sting of a wasp. This allergy can trigger symptoms ranging from localized pain and swelling to severe anaphylaxis. Unlike bee stings, wasp stings can be more dangerous because wasps can sting multiple times, increasing the risk of a serious allergic response.

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is much more potent than morphine. It is primarily used for managing severe or chronic pain and is available in forms such as patches, lozenges, and injections. Because of its high potency, fentanyl carries a strong risk of addiction and overdose, even at low doses. It is also illegally manufactured and sometimes mixed with other drugs, which raises the risk of accidental overdoses.

Haddock intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty digesting haddock, a type of fish commonly enjoyed as a seafood delicacy. Unlike a haddock allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, haddock intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort after eating haddock or dishes containing it.

ZMYM6 (Zinc Finger MYM-Type Containing 6) is a gene that encodes a zinc finger protein potentially involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. It may contribute to controlling gene expression and has been explored in relation to blood-related cancers. While its exact role in normal and disease states is still being investigated, ZMYM6 is considered relevant to genomic regulation processes.

DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase): DPYD is an enzyme responsible for breaking down fluoropyrimidine drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine, commonly used in cancer treatment. Genetic variations in DPYD can lead to reduced enzyme activity, increasing the risk of severe toxicity, including bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal side effects. Testing DPYD helps identify individuals who require dose adjustments or alternative treatments to improve safety and effectiveness.

Green tea intolerance is a condition that reflects an individual’s difficulty in digesting green tea, a widely consumed beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant content. Unlike a green tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several critical functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defenses. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although uncommon, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signaling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are associated with Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder marked by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

FRMD4B (FERM Domain Containing 4B) is a protein that links the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton, supporting key cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell shape, and migration. It helps regulate cell polarity, membrane organization, and neuronal network development. Dysregulation of FRMD4B may contribute to neurological disorders.

Green olives intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting green olives. Unlike a green olives allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe reactions, intolerance mainly leads to digestive discomfort. Individuals with green olives intolerance often experience gastrointestinal symptoms after eating green olives or foods containing them.

Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is a finding that indicates the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It may be visible, giving the urine a pink, red, or cola-like color, or microscopic, detectable only through laboratory testing. This condition can arise from a wide range of causes, from minor issues to serious underlying diseases.

Geotrichum candidum is a fungus commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, air, and certain foods. It is also a natural part of the human microbiota, typically residing in the gut and on the skin. While usually harmless, it can become opportunistic and cause infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.