STIs

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men and women and can cause serious, permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system, potentially leading to infertility. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb)....

Gardnerella, specifically referring to Gardnerella vaginalis, is a type of bacteria that is often associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal infection. While Gardnerella is a normal part of the vaginal flora, an imbalance can lead to an overgrowth, resulting in BV. It is not considered a classic sexually transmitted infection (STI), but its occurrence can be influenced by sexual activity....

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It commonly affects the urethra, rectum, and throat, and in women, it can also infect the cervix. Gonorrhea is a common infection, especially among young people aged 15-24 years. It can lead to serious health problems and complications if not treated....

HIV attacks the immune system, weakening the body's defense against infections. It's transmitted through bodily fluids, notably during unprotected sex or needle sharing. Early HIV might not show symptoms, making testing crucial. While there's no cure, antiretroviral therapy can manage the virus effectively. Prevention includes regular testing and prophylaxis medications like PrEP and PEP. Public health efforts emphasize education and stigma reduction....

The presence of HSV-1 IgG antibodies indicates past or ongoing infection with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. HSV-1 is commonly associated with oral herpes but can also cause genital infections. IgG antibodies typically appear a few weeks after initial infection and remain in the body for life, serving as a marker of previous exposure. This test does not indicate whether the infection is currently active but helps confirm whether the immune system has encountered the virus. A positive result may be clinically relevant in evaluating symptoms or in pre-screening before certain medical procedures.

HSV-2 IgG antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to Herpes Simplex Virus type 2, which is most commonly linked to genital herpes. A positive result indicates prior exposure to HSV-2, even if no symptoms have been experienced. These antibodies usually develop within several weeks after infection and persist long-term. The test identifies whether an individual has been infected at some point but cannot determine the timing or whether the virus is currently active.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

Mycoplasma, particularly Mycoplasma hominis (MH), is a type of bacteria that can be transmitted through sexual contact, although it is not strictly classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is one of several species of Mycoplasma that affect humans and can inhabit the genital and respiratory tracts. While often asymptomatic, it can cause health problems, particularly in the genitourinary tract....

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is a sexually transmitted bacterium that was first identified in the 1980s. It's known for causing urogenital infections and can be transmitted through sexual contact. MG is a significant cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men and has been linked to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. It is known for its prolonged and sometimes asymptomatic nature, making it a concern for sexual health....

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through several stages if left untreated, including primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary syphilis, and can affect various organ systems over time. Syphilis is primarily spread through sexual contact, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, leading to congenital syphilis....

Trichomonas vaginalis infection (Trichomoniasis) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It affects both men and women, though symptoms are more frequently seen in women. This infection can lead to irritation and increase the risk of contracting other STIs, including HIV.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infection under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are associated with a range of conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. They can also be sexually transmitted, though they are not always classified strictly as STIs....

Vaginal pH refers to the level of acidity within the vaginal environment. The normal pH of the vagina is typically between 3.8 and 4.5, which is slightly acidic. This acidity is crucial for maintaining a healthy balance of bacteria and for preventing the growth of harmful organisms. Lactobacilli are the predominant bacteria in the vagina, and they produce lactic acid, which helps to keep the pH at a healthy level. Disturbances in vaginal pH can lead to infections and other gynecological health issues....