Indoxyl sulfate
Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin formed when gut bacteria metabolize the amino acid tryptophan into indole, which is then absorbed and converted into indoxyl sulfate in the liver. While small amounts are normally excreted via the kidneys, elevated levels may indicate impaired detoxification, dysbiosis, or renal stress. Indoxyl sulfate has been linked to oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction—especially in individuals with compromised kidney function. It serves as a marker of both microbial activity and the body’s ability to process and eliminate metabolic waste.
Description
It is a compound derived from bacterial breakdown of tryptophan in the gut. After absorption, it is modified in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys.
High levels are considered harmful due to their pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative effects, especially on kidney and cardiovascular health.
Common causes include gut dysbiosis, protein-rich diets, impaired liver sulfation pathways, and reduced kidney clearance.
Supporting gut health with prebiotics/probiotics, reducing protein overload, and enhancing liver and kidney detoxification may help reduce levels.
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