ENPP4

ENPP4 (Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 4): ENPP4 is a member of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family of enzymes, which play important roles in purinergic signaling and phosphate homeostasis. ENPP4 specifically functions as both a phosphodiesterase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds, and a pyrophosphatase, cleaving pyrophosphate bonds. It is predominantly expressed in tissues such as the kidney, liver, and brain, where it participates in various physiological processes including bone mineralization, lipid metabolism, and regulation of extracellular nucleotide levels. ENPP4 has also been implicated in modulating immune responses and inflammation through its interaction with purinergic receptors. Dysregulation of ENPP4 activity has been associated with pathological conditions such as nephrolithiasis, atherosclerosis, and cancer progression, highlighting its importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The multifaceted roles of ENPP4 in cellular signaling and metabolism make it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in diseases where purinergic signaling and phosphate metabolism are dysregulated.